7,765 km total; 7,508 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 222 km narrow gauge
(mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.520-meter broad gauge; 1,147 km double track,
2,161 km electrified; all government owned (1991)
Highways:
130,014 km total; 29,715 km national highway system - 26,834 km asphalt, 142
km concrete, 51 km stone and road brick, 2,276 km macadam, 412 km unpaved;
58,495 km country roads (66% unpaved), and 41,804 km (est.) other roads (70%
unpaved) (1988)
Inland waterways:
1,622 km (1988)
Pipelines:
crude oil 1,204 km; petroleum products 630 km; natural gas 3,895 km (1986)
Ports:
Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube; maritime outlets are
Rostock (Germany), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland), Szczecin (Poland),
Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania)
Merchant marine:
14 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) and 1 bulk totaling 85,489 GRT/119,520
DWT
Civil air:
28 major transport aircraft
Airports:
90 total, 90 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
automatic telephone network based on radio relay system; 1.9 million phones;
telephone density is at 17 per 100 inhabitants; 49% of all phones are in
Budapest; 12-15 year wait for a phone; 16,000 telex lines (June 1990);
broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 FM, 41 TV (8 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.2
million TVs (1990); 1 satellite ground station using INTELSAT and
Intersputnik
:Hungary Defense Forces
Branches:
Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard, Territorial Defense
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 2,619,277; 2,092,867 fit for military service; 87,469 reach
military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - 60.8 billion forints, 1.7% of GNP (1992 est.);
note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
exchange rate would produce misleading results
:Iceland Geography
Total area:
103,000 km2
Land area:
100,250 km2
Comparative area:
slightly smaller than Kentucky
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
4,988 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf:
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland, and the UK
(Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area)
Climate:
temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp,
cool summers
Terrain:
mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply
indented by bays and fiords
Natural resources:
fish, hydroelectric and geothermal power, diatomite
Land use:
arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and
woodland 1%; other 76%
Environment:
subject to earthquakes and volcanic activity
Note:
strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European
country
:Iceland People
Population:
259,012 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992)
Birth rate:
18 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
4 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
76 years male, 81 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
2.2 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Icelander(s); adjective - Icelandic
Ethnic divisions:
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts
Religions:
Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%, none 1%
(1988)
Languages:
Icelandic
Literacy:
100% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.)
Labor force:
134,429; commerce, finance, and services 55.4%, other manufacturing 14.3%.,
agriculture 5.8%, fish processing 7.9%, fishing 5.0% (1986)
Organized labor:
60% of labor force
:Iceland Government
Long-form name:
Republic of Iceland
Type:
republic
Capital:
Reykjavik
Administrative divisions:
23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and 14 independent towns*
(kaupstadhir, singular - kaupstadhur); Akranes*, Akureyri*, Arnessysla,
Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Austur-Hunavatnssysla, Austur-Skaftafellssysla,
Borgarfjardharsysla, Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla,
Hafnarfjordhur*, Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*,
Myrasysla, Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la,
Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*,
Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*, Skagafjardharsysla,
Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla,
Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla,
Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-Skaftafellssysla
Independence:
17 June 1944 (from Denmark)
Constitution:
16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
Legal system:
civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday:
Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June (1944)
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament (Althing)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (Haestirettur)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
Independence Party (conservative), David ODDSSON; Progressive Party,
Steingrimur HERMANNSSON; Social Democratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON;
People's Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Citizens Party
(conservative nationalist), Julius SOLNES; Women's List
Suffrage:
universal at age 20
Elections:
President:
last held on 29 June 1980 (next scheduled for June 1992); results - there
were no elections in 1984 and 1988 as President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR was
unopposed
Althing:
last held on 20 April 1991 (next to be held by April 1995); results -
Independence Party 38.6%, Progressive Party 18.9%, Social Democratic Party
15.5%, People's Alliance 14.4%, Womens List 8.13%, Liberals 1.2%, other
3.27% seats - (63 total) Independence 26, Progressive 13, Social Democratic
10, People's Alliance 9, Womens List 5
:Iceland Government
Member of:
BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Tomas A. TOMASSON; Chancery at 2022 Connecticut Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-6653 through 6655; there is an
Icelandic Consulate General in New York
US:
Ambassador Charles E. COBB, Jr.; Embassy at Laufasvegur 21, Box 40,
Reykjavik (mailing address is FPO AE 09728-0340); telephone [354] (1) 29100
Flag:
blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
:Iceland Economy
Overview:
Iceland's prosperous Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic,
but with extensive welfare measures, low unemployment, and comparatively
even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on the fishing
industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings. In the absence of
other natural resources, Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world
fish prices. The economic improvements resulting from climbing fish prices
in 1990 and a noninflationary labor agreement probably will be reversed by
tighter fish quotas and a delay in the construction of an aluminum smelting
plant. The conservative government's economic priorities include reducing
the budget and current account deficits, containing inflation, revising
agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, and tying the
krona to the EC's European currency unit in 1993. The fishing industries -
notably the shrimp industry - are experiencing a series of bankruptcies and
mergers. Inflation has continued to drop sharply from 20% in 1989 to about
7.5% in 1991 and possibly 3% in 1992, while unemployment is expected to
increase to 2.5%. GDP is expected to contract by nearly 4% in 1992.
GDP:
purchasing power equivalent - $4.2 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth
rate 0.3% (1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7.5% (1991)
Unemployment rate:
1.8% (1991)
Budget:
revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital
expenditures of $NA million (1991 est.)
Exports:
$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite
partners:
EC 67.7% (UK 25.3%, FRG 12.7%), US 9.9%, Japan 6% (1990)
Imports:
$1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
commodities:
machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles
partners:
EC 49.8% (FRG 12.4%, Denmark 8.6%, UK 8.1%), US 14.4%, Japan 5.6% (1990)
External debt:
$3 billion (1990)
Industrial production:
growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.)
Electricity:
1,063,000 kW capacity; 5,165 million kWh produced, 20,780 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, hydropower
Agriculture:
accounts for about 25% of GDP (including fishing); fishing is most important
economic activity, contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; principal
crops - potatoes and turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; self-sufficient in
crops; fish catch of about 1.4 million metric tons in 1989
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million
Currency:
krona (plural - kronur); 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar
:Iceland Economy
Exchange rates:
Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 57.277 (January 1992), 58.996 (1991),
58.284 (1990), 57.042 (1989), 43.014 (1988), 38.677 (1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Iceland Communications
Highways:
12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated
and gravel; 10,893 km earth
Ports:
Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Keflavik, Seydhisfjordhur,
Siglufjordhur, Vestmannaeyjar
Merchant marine:
12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,969 GRT/57,060 DWT; includes 5
cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1
chemical tanker
Civil air:
20 major transport aircraft
Airports:
94 total, 89 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways
over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
adequate domestic service; coaxial and fiber-optical cables and radio relay
for trunk network; 135,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 30 (43
repeaters) FM, 13 (132 repeaters) TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth station carries majority of international traffic
:Iceland Defense Forces
Branches:
no armed forces; Police, Coast Guard; Iceland's defense is provided by the
US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 69,072; 61,556 fit for military service; no conscription or
compulsory military service
Defense expenditures:
none
:India Geography
Total area:
3,287,590 km2
Land area:
2,973,190 km2
Comparative area:
slightly more than one-third the size of the US
Land boundaries:
14,103 km; Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380,
Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
Coastline:
7,000 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone:
24 nm
Continental shelf:
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
boundaries with Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan; water sharing problems with
downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges and Pakistan over the Indus
Climate:
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Terrain:
upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the
Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Natural resources:
coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica,
bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil, limestone
Land use:
arable land 55%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and
woodland 23%; other 17%; includes irrigated 13%
Environment:
droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; deforestation; soil
erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution; desertification
Note:
dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes
:India People
Population:
886,362,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)
Birth rate:
30 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
81 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
57 years male, 58 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
3.7 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Indian(s); adjective - Indian
Ethnic divisions:
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3%
Religions:
Hindu 82.6%, Muslim 11.4%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2.0%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains
0.5%, other 0.4%
Languages:
Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages - Bengali, Telugu, Marathi,
Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese,
Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; 24 languages spoken by a million or more
persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part
mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue
of 30% of the people; English enjoys associate status but is the most
important language for national, political, and commercial communication;
Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout
northern India
Literacy:
48% (male 62%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
284,400,000; 67% agriculture (FY85)
Organized labor:
less than 5% of the labor force
:India Government
Long-form name:
Republic of India
Type:
federal republic
Capital:
New Delhi
Administrative divisions:
25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra
Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar
Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*,
Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Independence:
15 August 1947 (from UK)
Constitution:
26 January 1950
Legal system:
based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday:
Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January (1950)
Executive branch:
president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper house or Council of
States (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's Assembly (Lok Sabha)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Ramaswamy Iyer VENKATARAMAN (since 25 July 1987); Vice President
Dr. Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 3 September 1987)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha RAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party,
L. K. ADVANI; Janata Dal Party, V. P. SINGH; Communist Party of
India/Marxist (CPI/M), Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India
(CPI), C. Rajeswara RAO; Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh),
N. T. Rama RAO; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regional
party in Tamil Nadu), JAYALALITHA; Samajwadi Janata Party, CHANDRA SHEKHAR;
Shiv Sena, Bal THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Tridip
CHOWDHURY; Bahujana Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party,
leader NA; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan
SINGH; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M.
KARUNANIDHI; Akali Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in the
Punjab; National Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir),
Farooq ABDULLAH; Asom Gana Parishad (a regional party in Assam), Prafulla
MAHANTA
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
:India Government
Elections:
People's Assembly:
last held 21 May, 12 and 15 June 1991 (next to be held by November 1996);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (545 total), 520 elected -
Congress (I) Party 231, Bharatiya Janata Party 119, Janata Dal Party 59,
CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13, AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party 5, Shiv
Sena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S) Party 1, other 23; note - second and
third rounds of voting were delayed because of the assassination of Congress
President Rajiv GANDHI on 21 May 1991
Communists:
466,000 members claimed by CPI, 361,000 members claimed by CPI/M; Communist
extremist groups, about 15,000 members
Other political or pressure groups:
various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy;
numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Adam
Sena, Ananda Marg, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Member of:
AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-19, G-24,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN,
UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Abid HUSSEIN; Chancery at 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-7000; there are Indian Consulates
General in Chicago, New York, and San Francisco
US:
Ambassador William CLARK, Jr.; Embassy at Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021,
New Delhi; telephone [91] (11) 600651; FAX [91] (11) 687-2028, 687-2391;
there are US Consulates General in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras
Flag:
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue
chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of
Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
:India Economy
Overview:
India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming and handicrafts,
modern agriculture, old and new branches of industry, and a multitude of
support services. It presents both the entrepreneurial skills and drives of
the capitalist system and widespread government intervention of the
socialist mold. Growth of 4-5% annually in the 1980s has softened the impact
of population growth on unemployment, social tranquility, and the
environment. Agricultural output has continued to expand, reflecting the
greater use of modern farming techniques and improved seed that have helped
to make India self-sufficient in food grains and a net agricultural
exporter. However, tens of millions of villagers, particularly in the south,
have not benefited from the green revolution and live in abject poverty, and
great numbers of urban residents lack the basic essentials of life. Industry
has benefited from a partial liberalization of controls. The growth rate of
the service sector has also been strong. India, however, has been challenged
more recently by much lower foreign exchange reserves, higher inflation, and
a large debt service burden.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $328 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate
2.5% (FY92 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
12.0% (1991)
Unemployment rate:
20% (1991 est.)
Budget:
revenues $38.5 billion; expenditures $53.4 billion, including capital
expenditures of $11.1 billion (FY92)
Exports:
$20.2 billion (f.o.b., FY91)
commodities:
gems and jewelry, engineering goods, clothing, textiles, chemicals, tea,
coffee, fish products
partners:
EC 25%, US 16%, USSR and Eastern Europe 19%, Japan 10% (1989)
Imports:
$25.2 billion (c.i.f., FY91)
commodities:
petroleum products, capital goods, uncut gems, gems, jewelry, chemicals,
iron and steel, edible oils
partners:
EC 33%, Middle East 19%, US 12%, Japan 8%, USSR and Eastern Europe 8% (1989)
External debt:
$72.0 billion (1991 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 8.4% (1990); accounts for about 25% of GDP
Electricity:
80,000,000 kW capacity; 290,000 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment,
cement, jute manufactures, mining, petroleum, power, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, electronics
Agriculture:
accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 67% of labor force;
self-sufficient in food grains; principal crops - rice, wheat, oilseeds,
cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; livestock - cattle, buffaloes,
sheep, goats and poultry; fish catch of about 3 million metric tons ranks
India among the world's top 10 fishing nations
:India Economy
Illicit drugs:
licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opium
is diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country for
illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of
hashish
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion;
Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 million
Currency:
Indian rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise
Exchange rates:
Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 25.917 (January 1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504
(1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987)
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March
:India Communications
Railroads:
61,850 km total (1986); 33,553 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 24,051 km
1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow gauge (0.762 meter and 0.610 meter);
12,617 km is double track; 6,500 km is electrified
Highways:
1,970,000 km total (1989); 960,000 km surfaced and 1,010,000 km gravel,
crushed stone, or earth
Inland waterways:
16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels
Pipelines:
crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural gas 902 km (1989)
Ports:
Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore, Port Blair (Andaman
Islands)
Merchant marine:
299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,991,278 GRT/9,935,463 DWT; includes
1 short-sea passenger, 7 passenger-cargo, 91 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8
container, 54 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 8 combination ore/oil, 111
bulk, 2 combination bulk, 6 liquefied gas
Civil air:
93 major transport aircraft
Airports:
341 total, 288 usable; 203 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m; 59 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 87 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
poor domestic telephone service, international radio communications
adequate; 4,700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 96 AM, 4 FM, 274 TV
(government controlled); domestic satellite system for communications and
TV; 3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; submarine cables to Malaysia and
United Arab Emirates
:India Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Security or Paramilitary Forces, Border Security
Force, Coast Guard, Assam Rifles
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 237,803,153; 140,140,736 fit for military service; about
9,474,290 reach military age (17) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP (FY91)
:Indian Ocean Geography